A Movie Review on “El Presidente” Essay

E. Own Synopsis The story is told in flashbacks as Emilio Aguinaldo thanks the US government for allowing him the chance to go to the full rebuilding of Philippine freedom on July 4, 1946. The film starts with his catch by Philippine and US powers under Frederick Funston’s order in 1901, at that point flashes back to 1886, when an elderly person gives Aguinaldo and cherished companion Candido Tirona secretive predictions. After ten years, Aguinaldo is drafted into the Katipunan and later accept administration of its Cavite part while turning out to be city hall leader of Cavite El Viejo. At the point when inconvenience breaks out in Manila in late August 1896, Aguinaldo attempts to guarantee the Spanish common administration of non-impedance and clandestinely marshals his powers in spite of an absence of weapons. Discovering that the Spanish generally put their powers in Manila, Aguinaldo at long last assembles his soldiers and take the battle to Spanish soldiers in Cavite. As the agitators m ake progress in Cavite and a few territories, its Magdalo and Magdiwang groups meet to choose a temporary government. Andres Bonifacio directs the Tejeros Convention, which chooses Aguinaldo as president, Mariano Trias as VP, and himself as inside clergyman. He storms out of the show when Daniel Tirona items to his political race. Aguinaldo’s sibling Crispulo advises him regarding his increase and persuades him to leave his soldiers similarly as he was trying to shield against the Spaniards at Pasong Santol. The revolutionaries are vanquished and Crispulo is murdered. In the interim, a disillusioned Bonifacio sets up his own progressive government and is later captured. Aguinaldo is worried about Bonifacio’s activities and needed him ousted, however the War Council exhorts his execution. A while later, Aguinaldo leaves Cavite with the vast majority of his powers unblemished and makes it to Biak-na-Bato in Bulacan, where he signs the Pact of Biak-na-Bato and heads for Hong Kong. There he meets with US authorities who approach him with offers of help and acknowledgment of another Philippine Republic in the midst of the Spanish-American War. Aguinaldo comes back to the Philippines and officially proclaims freedom from Spain. As the Malolos Congress gathers, Felipe Agoncillo attempts to speak to the new country at the Treaty of Paris dealings, yet gets stonewalled every step of the way even as US powers bit by bit show up in the Philippines. The Philippine-American War breaks out in February 1899 and Antonio Luna is named administrator of every single Filipino troop. He is killed three months after the fact and the Filipino soldiers are slowly steered by the Americans. Subsequently, Aguinaldo’s powers travel all over northern Luzon to get away from the Americans. General Gregorio del Pilar volunteers to lead a few soldiers in holding them off at Tirad Pass and purchase Aguinaldo time to escape. His steadfast messenger is later caught by the Americans while getting some medication for his child. Presently mindful of Aguinaldo’s den, Funston plans his catch. Having been made to acknowledge US rule over the Philippines, Aguinaldo carries on with a peaceful life, which is damaged by Hilaria’s going in 1921. He meets and weds Felipe Agoncillo’s niece Maria in 1930. Throughout the following scarcely any decades, the couple observer Philippine history unfurl again as he is crushed in the 1935 presidential decisions, Japanese occupation and the reclamation of full autonomy. In 1962, an older Aguinaldo and his significant other solace each other over President Diosdado Macapagal’s announcement to reestablish the real date of the Philippine revelation of freedom. In his last hours, a similar lady who gave him his prediction appears to him once again. F. Censure on the accompanying I. Story and Theme El Presidente is a Historical Film wherein the life of Emilio Aguinaldo is depicted from the Spanish Era, until the Philippine Independence. II. Screenplay The screenwriters embedded some Spanish Dialogs, English, and Filipino in the content. What's more, I was malcontented with the screenplay itself. I didn’t like the exchanges particularly when Baron Geisler who depicted as a Spanish authority conversed with Emilio Aguinaldo in Spanish saying that he doesn’t get Filipino, however then out of nowhere he got it. That is only a case of the absence of progression of the content. III. Course The Director in this film made a not too bad showing of depicting the life of Emilio Aguinaldo. I said better than average since I was very frustrated with the manner in which the film played out. I expected such a great amount from this film, however in each scene, I don’t know whether the chief ignored it, yet I truly am malcontented with each scene. IV. Cinematography The Cinematography was acceptable as far as depicting the correct scenes however in the battle scenes, the cinematography was very missing for the on-screen characters weren’t appeared in a wide range of edges. V. Altering The altering from the beginning is very acceptable yet I didn’t like the altering on the war scenes. I didn’t like the altering since you can see that a portion of the battle scene was either quick forward or in moderate movement. Considering that, the battle scene was malcontented for me in light of the fact that the sentiment of power in a battle scene isn’t very felt by me. VI. Acting From the throwing, to the acting, to the ensemble, I didn’t like it. Bayani Agbayani and Bearwin Meily are acceptable entertainers for me. Be that as it may, here in this film where it is kind of verifiable and more on show, they didn’t fit the jobs and furthermore there are additionally some cast in which I didn’t like. I likewise didn’t like the ensemble of some craftsman, particularly the phony mustache of a portion of the on-screen characters. I additionally didn’t like the acting of Jorge Estregan as Emilio Aguinaldo on the grounds that he is by all accounts ailing in outward appearance and sooner or later excessively sensational. VII. Discoursed The discoursed were acceptable yet they could even now improve. The consistency of the discoursed structure Spanish to Filipino were missing simply like my announcement on the Screenplay. VIII. Soundtrack The soundtrack of El Presidente is no uncertainty engaging and great that is the reason it won a portion of the honors as far as signature melody. IX. Enhanced visualizations We enjoyed the special visualizations of the film in light of the fact that it’s straightforward and reasonable X. Outfit and make-up The outfit is by all accounts bravo depicts the verifiable foundation of our nation. G. Extra notes to consider I. Intriguing Facts about the creation of the film * Judy Ann Santos was at first offered to play Hilaria Del Rosario. She would not acknowledge the film saying she can’t identify with the character since she doesn’t know Hilaria by and by. * Tikoy Aguiluz pulled out of coordinating this film after a misconception with Jorge Estregan over Manila Kingpin: The Asiong Salonga Story. ii. Spending plan and film industry execution Film industry: P872,972 (incomplete Manila) iii. Grants and respects * Youth Choice Award: â€Å"El Presidente† * Best Sound: Michael Idioma, â€Å"El Presidente† * Best Musical Score: Jessie Lazatin, â€Å"El Presidente† * Best Theme Song: apl.de.ap and Jamir Garcia, â€Å"El Presidente† * Best Make-up: Warren Munar, â€Å"El Presidente† by Warren Munar and organization. * Best Supporting Actor: Cesar Montano, â€Å"El Presidente† * second Best Picture: â€Å"El Presidente† iv. Social, political, or potentially verifiable setting for the film The film is incompletely founded on Aguinaldo’s Memoirs of the Revolution. Essayist executive Mark Meily expresses that the task had its beginning in 1998. Over the interceding years, cautious research was made so as to precisely depict Aguinaldo’s life, particularly realities that have been bypassed in history books. These incorporate his lead over the preliminary of the Bonifacio siblings and his different activities during the Revolution. Meily himself was brought into the venture as chief after Ejercito vowed never to work with unique executive Tikoy Aguiluz as a result of their fracture over altering Manila Kingpin. Shooting occurred more than 43 days at select areas in Cavite, Laguna, and Bulacan, with the Las Casas Filipinas de Azucar in Bataan filling in for urban scenes v. The thing others have said about the film * The Philippines’ Cinema Evaluation Board reviewed the film at A. * Phillip Cu-Unjieng of the Philippine Star said it â€Å"vividly recaptures† one of the Philippines’ most violent periods in history by uncovering the infighting among the Katipunan’s individuals and how Aguinaldo needed to determine them. He noticed that the film’s quality makes it nearly stand apart as much as Richard Attenborough’s Gandhi, Steven Spielberg’s Lincoln, and Martin Scorsese’s The Aviator. * Philibert Ortiz-Dy said making the film was dubious, yet hauled towards the end. * The film accumulated the majority of the honors at the 2012 Metro Manila Film Festival, winning the plums for Second Best Picture, Best Supporting Actor (Cesar Montano), Youth Choice Award, Best Float, Best Sound, Best Musical Score, and Best Make-up. * Columnist and radio show have Jessica Zafra, be that as it may, was reproachful of the movie’s treatment. She said the portrayal of Bonifacio’s passing brought up issues about its realness. She included that the film itself â€Å"does Emilio Aguinaldo a damage by depicting him as a survivor of circumstance† and even featured the â€Å"amnesia† predominant among contemporary Filipinos. H. Qualities and Relevance The film was to a greater degree a recorded energy about our past saints. The film instructed us that our Filipino legends battled for our opportunity subsequently we ought to love it. I. Generally investigation Generally the film is beneficial for it delineates the life of our national saints. In spite of the fact that the film is by all accounts an inclination with respect to Emilio Aguinaldo on the grounds that the passing of Andres Bonifacio and Antonio Luna were distinctive on the history books. From the acting to everything, it is a g

Global warming Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

A worldwide temperature alteration - Research Paper Example While numerous individuals perceive and recognize that a worldwide temperature alteration is something that we should worry about, there are others still that accept the issue is either not excessively fundamental or that an unnatural weather change is something that we can profit by. In any case, given the fairly intense increment in the temperature of the earth, a dangerous atmospheric devation is an occasion that ought to be paid attention to with expectations of forestalling radical harm to our condition and our lives. History of Global Warming The reason for an unnatural weather change goes back to the 1800s, when it was noticed that, because of the primary Industrial Revolution, the coal, railroad, and land clearing provoked ozone harming substance outflows to accelerate (Weart 29). It was noted at the time Industrial Revolution that power, general wellbeing, and manures additionally quickened the ozone harming substances. It was uncovered the different manners by which the ear th’s temperature was changing according to specific occasions or circumstances, for example, wars or populace development. It was not until the late 1990s that it was found that the changing of the temperature was changing quickly all through the world and fears started to develop about what an Earth-wide temperature boost could do. In 2009, it had been declared that an unnatural weather change was moving at a quicker pace. ... Experts of Global Warming Many individuals accept that a dangerous atmospheric devation can be advantageous to mankind and ought to be grasped, not dreaded. One of the models with respect to how a dangerous atmospheric devation can be gainful is that a portion of the solidified areas of the earth, for example, Arctic, Antarctic, and Siberia have the chance of encountering plant development and milder atmospheres (Houghton 94). This could likewise remain constant for different places all through the world that might be unreasonably cold for plant development, which could help in the issues of craving in a portion of the underdeveloped nations. Also, the horticulture seasons would be any longer, taking into consideration expanded creation, accordingly helping and boosting the economy. On the off chance that the climate were hotter all the more frequently, there would be less wounds and passings because of the virus. This could be particularly useful to individuals that live fairly unco vered in colder atmospheres. It would likewise take less vitality utilization to make colder spots hotter, which would assist the nation with the ever-developing worries of limited assets. In spite of the fact that a large number of these sound like much needed developments to the manner in which the world is presently, they have their ruins, in this way turning down the potential advantages of a dangerous atmospheric devation. The solidified districts of the world were not intended to have plant or horticultural development, and this could demonstrate to have repercussions on the biological system. An expansion in rural abundance would be valuable, yet overproduction would not be helpful. At long last, however hotter climate may mean less passings because of chilly climate, there could be an expansion in passings because of hotter climate if things become unreasonably hot for individuals. Cons of Global Warming Perhaps obviously, the cons of an unnatural weather change enormously e xceed the experts. The best outcome we could see because of a worldwide temperature alteration is further inconveniences with

Congratulations, Class of 2023!

Congratulations, Class of 2023! Congratulations to those who have been admitted to the University of Illinois, so far! You have worked hard for this moment and the future is only beginning from here. As you celebrate your achievements, there are still some things you have to consider before you join us on campus this fall. 1. Accept/Decline Many of you have received emails regarding your acceptance to Illinois. But, it doesn’t stop there. If you choose Illinois as your future college (which, I mean, who wouldn’t?), you have to accept this admittance. If you haven’t done it already, take a quick detour and do it right now! 2. Housing You can choose to live in University Housing or Private Certified Housing, depending on availability. You can fill out your contract online and via email you will receive a time stamp, which is when you can choose your residence hall. You can go ahead and find a roommate while you’re at it. Usually students resort to Facebook because it’s an easy interface to work with, but the university provides a survey that students can fill out regarding their habits and likes/dislikes. 3. Summer Registration This is a one-day event where students come to campus to meet with academic advisors and register for their first fall semester of classes. If you live far away, don’t worry, you have the opportunity to register through online appointments! 4. Placement Exams You can take placement exams up to two weeks before summer registration to see which level classes you can sign up for. Don’t stress, it’s not as bad as it sounds! These are some of the next steps you can take to enroll in the best four years of your life! Check out the admissions website for more details on the admitted checklist. Kripa Class of 2020 I'm majoring in Psychology, minoring in Spanish, and pursuing a pre-dental track. It seems like I’m all over the place, but that’s what I like about college! I get to choose to study what I’m interested in, and I’m happy to be doing just that at Illinois.

Common and widespread mental - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 24 Words: 7143 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Introduction: Depression is a common and widespread mental disorder affecting millions of people worldwide; [6] Thus, this review is mainly aimed to focus upon the action mechanisms, side effects, toxicity and the logical analytical approaches possibly used in forensic toxicology for the identification of one or more Antidepressant Drugs and their metabolites from biological test matrices. Antidepressant: Types Functions Antidepressant covers many varieties of drugs having different modes of actions like [16] Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Common and widespread mental" essay for you Create order Figure: Mechanism action of Monoamine reuptake inhibitors (MAOIs), Tricyclic anti-deprassant (TCA) and Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). According to the Monoamine Theory of Depression, (proposed by Schildkraut in 1965) the decrease in monoamine neurotransmission is thought to be responsible for inducing depression in an individual. Thus, medication with Antidepressantdrugs (TCAs, MAOIs, SSRIs, and SNRI etc.) rise in the amount of neurotransmitters. Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) and heterocyclic antidepressants (SSRIs, SNRIs) inhibit the norepinephrine transporter (NET) and the serotonin transporter (SERT) by competing for the binding site of the amine transporter results in the increase levels of both NE (Norepinephrine) and 5HT (5-hydroxytryptamine or Serotonine) in the synaptic cleft. In addition to this the Monoamine reuptake inhibitors (MAOIs) inhibits an enzyme MAO (monoamino oxidase) released from mitochondria (MO) which convert 5-HT to 5 hydroxyindole acetic acid (HIAA) and norepinephrine (NE) to 3-methoxy 4-hydroxy phenyl glycol (MHPG). This phenomenon increases the stores of NA and 5-HT thus contributes t o higher level of Neurotransmitters in Brain. [19] Adverse effects Antidepressants are supposed to increase the risk of suicidal thinking and behavior, especially in children accompanying other depressive and psychiatric disorders. [17] [18] [19] The European Medicines Agency showed warning on the use of Antidepressants which might increase the risk of suicidal behavior in children and adolescents. [19] Thus, these drugs may be responsible for the fatality and intoxication and their growing rate all over the world may show threatening effects which is the matter of global concern. Thus, increasing prescription rate and adverse effects of antidepressant drugs results in a growing interest for their determination from biological matrices, proved to be very helpful in the field of Forensic. Biological Samples use for the Screening of Antidepressant Drugs Biological samples are the basic requirement of Forensic Toxicology as it solves several related questions which make basis of judgement, consultation and expertise for the field. The biological matrices generally encountered for analysis are urine [34], hair, nails, vitrous humour etc. The most important and encountered biosample used for analytical purposes is Blood (plasma, serum). Toxicological effects can correlate more effectively with their concentrations in blood which can be determined qualitatively [42] Another important biological sample is Urine which is a widely used specimen employed for screening, identification and testing of unknown drugs accompanying advantages that it forms in high amount, readily available, easy to collect and contains much useful information about the major metabolic functions of the body. [48] A next alternative to the blood and urine specimen is the Oral fluid; for its applications in therapeutic and toxicological drug monitoring [54] When the analytical studies get concern with long duration of exposure to the detection window hair analysis makes a complementary approach for the detection of antidepressant drugs with the additional advantages that the hair sample can be stored at room temperature for a long time without degradation and it is easy to collect. [62] Except from all the above described biomatrices very precise and rarely encountered biological sample is Vitreous Humor. Its a fluid mainly composed of water and hyaluronic acid (major component) found between the lens and retina of the eye proved to be the best choice for analytical examinations as it is relatively well isolated and protected from putrefaction. (Quoted reference) Two different fatality cases were reported where the extraction of drugs is done from Vitreous humor. One case has been reported of citalopram fatality where the extraction of drug is done from Vitreous humor yeilding concentration of citalopram (SSRI) less than 0.04mg/L and in second case venlafaxine fatality is reported where postmortem analysis revealed the concentrations of Fluoxetine (SSRI) and its metabolite Norfluoxetine as 5.2 mg/l and 2.2mg/l respectively. [64] Other than these specimens, body tissues like liver [71], cerebrospinal fluid etc. canalso encountered for toxic and therapeutic drug monitoring biological matrices. Techniques for Sample Preparation The bioanalytical methods form two basic approaches that are the sample preparation step and detection of the compound of interest. Several methods have been published for the determination of one or more antidepressants in biological matrices for therapeutic monitoring or for toxicological purposes. For making biological samples suitable for analytical purposes some treatments should be given to overcome the matrix effects such that the other materials should not interfere with the analytical separation that is the extractability of the analytes in the sample inturn the results of the analysis. [96] These techniques are rapidly gaining acceptance in bioanalytical seperations to reduce time and labor producing satisfactory results with high selectivity and sensitivity over a wide dynamic range, contributing as very fine detection techniques. Commonly Prescribed New Generation Antidepressant Drugs and their Metabolites Several new antidepressants that inhibit the serotonine (SERT) and norepinephrine transporters (NET) have been consistently using for therapeutic purposes. [108] Sertraline is an effective and highly utilized SSRIs group of drug, [113] Another SSRIs group of Antidepressant drug is Fluoxetine, using worldwide in the therapy of major depression. It is metabolized via N-demethylation by the [117] nitrogen phosphorous detector (NPD) (Thesis- 103) and electron capture detector (ECD) (Thesis- 76), used for the rapid analysis of fluoxetine from biological samples, achieved detection limits up to nanogram level. Citalopram is a selective and potent serotonine reuptake inhibitor, [78] Another very important group of Antidepressant drug is SNRIs includes drugs like Venlafaxine which inhibits serotonine, noradrenaline, and to a lesser extent dopamine reuptake. [117] (Thesis-82) is also used for determination of venlafaxine, provided satisfactory results. In the majority of the published analytical methods for determination of Antidepressant drugs, gas chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography is applied in combination to different kinds of columns (operating under different separation conditions), mobile phases and detectors. High-performance liquid chromatography is described for the determination of selective serotonine reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRI) and their metabolites in human plasma using fluorescence, mass and photo-diod array detector; Micellar liquid chromatography, the technique which allowed direct injection of biological samples, utilized appropriately selected surfactants in the mobile phase to maintain solubilization of interfering proteins of biological samples.Other than chromatography, separation technique like capillary electrophoresis after in-line solid-phase extraction is described for the analysis sertraline, fluoxetine and fluvoxamine from plasma samples. A survey of most recent multiresidue analytical methods developed for the determination of different kinds of Antidepressant drugs in different types of biological test matrices with their specific cleanup procedures including the choice of mobile phase, stationary phase, detector system and validation data is summarized in the tabular form below. TABLE Analytical Method Matrix Analyte Extraction method Column Mobile phase Detector system Limit of detection/quantification (ng/L)/ analytical range References LC-MS Plasma Fluoxetine and norfluoxetine Automated SPE XTerra MS C18 Formic acid in methanol and water Triple stage, ESI, positive mode, SRM Fluoxetine and norfluoxetine, m/z 310.3 and 296.2 resp.Linearity,0.5-50ng/mL for both the analyte. 81 LC-MS Plasma Fluoxetine and norfluoxetine On-line extraction using column switching Oasis HLB and Discovery HS C18 Formic acid in acetonitrile and water ESI, positive mode, SIM LOQ,25ng/ml for both . 141 LC- MS Hair citalopram and its metabolites liquid/liquid extraction narrow bore C18 _ Tandem mass spectrometre LOQ 25 pg/mg 61 HPLC Plasma Venlafaxine,desmethylvenlafaxine, N,O-didesmethylvenlafaxine liquid-liquid extraction Thermo BDS HYPERSIL C18 water (ammonium acetate: 30mmol/l, formic acid 2.6mmol/l, trifluoroacetic acid 0.13mmol/l) and acetonitrile (60:40, V/V) MS/ESI LOD were 0.4, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.2ng/ml for VEN, ODV, NDV and DDV resp. 134 HPLC Plasma Venlafaxine ,O-di desmethylvenlafaxine solid-phase extraction with C1 cartridges reversed-phase column -C8 75% aqueous phosphate buffer containing triethylamine and 25% acetonitrile Fluorescence detector LOQ 1.0ngmL1 and LOD 0.3ngmL1 39 GC-MS oral fluid amitryptiline, paroxetine and sertraline solid-phase extraction with Bond elute column {Acid compounds were eluted with acetone while basic and neutral compounds with dichloromethane:isopropanol:ammonium (80:20:2, v/v/v)} methylsilicone capillary column Carrier gas He, Flow rate 0.8ml/min selected-ion-monitoring (SIM) mode. Between0.9 and 44.2ng/ml (LOQ) 55 HPLC Plasma citalopram and its metabolites SPE (Waters Oasis HLB cartridges) reversed-phase column -C18 40% acetonitrile: 60% aqueous tetramethylammonium perchlorate Fluorescence detection at 300 nm, exciting at 238 nm (LOQ) 1.5 ng mL1 citalopram and desmethylcitalopram , 2.0 ng mL1 for didesmethylcitalopram 124 HPLC Plasma fluvoxamine, paroxetine, sertraline, fluoxetine, citalopram, mirtazapine, milnacipram, venlafaxine, desmethylcitalopram, didesmethylcitalopram, norfluoxetine, O-desmethyl venlafaxine, desmethylmirtazapine liquid-liquid extraction Symmetry C8 acetonitrile-phosphate buffer 10 mM UV (230 nm and 290 nm) LOD, 25 to 500 ng/mL (100-2000 ng/mL for venlafaxine and its metabolite), LOQ, 25 ng/mL (100 ng/mL for venlafaxine and its metabolite) 142 HPLC-MS Blood fluoxetine, paroxetine, sertraline, fluvoxamine, Citalopram, norfluoxetine, desmethylcitalopram, didesmethylcitalopram, desmethylvenlafaxine, and desmethylmirtazapine liquid-liquid extraction. XTerra RP18 column Acetonitrile and ammonium formate buffer (4 mmol/L) Tandem mass spectrometre LOD, 5-500 ng/mL (20-2000 ng/mL for venlafaxine and desmethylvenlafaxine) and LOQ, 5 ng/mL (venlafaxine and desmethylvenlafaxine: 20 ng/mL) 143 HPLC Serum fluvoxamine, milnacipran, paroxetine, sertraline, fluoxetine, citalopram, venlafaxine, desmethylcitalopram, didesmethylcitalopram and norfluoxetine liquid-liquid extraction. Beckman C18 reversed-phase column (50%, v/v) acetonitrile in a sodium phosphate buffer (0.05 M with pH 3.8) UV (200.4 nm) 15 ng/ml -fluoxetine, 25 ng/ml-venlafaxine, norfluoxetine, citalopram and its metabolites, 40 ng/ml- sertraline, 50 ng/ml-fluvoxamine 127 Capillary Liquid chromatography Plasma citalopram, fluoxetine, paroxetine and their metabolites reversed-phase C8 SPE Kromasil, C18 acetonitrile-45 mM ammonium formate (25:75, v/v). UV LOQ between 0.05 to 0.26 M 42 HPLC Plasma fluoxetine and norfluoxetine Sample treated with acetonitrile and isolated supernatants were directly injected Discovery C18 0.1% formic acid in water and acetonitrile (40: 60) ESI- Tandem Mass spectrometre, (m/z 310 m/z 44.3 for fluoxetine, m/z 296 m/z 134 for norfluoxetine) LOD, fluoxetine, 0.02 ng/mL and 0.03 ng/mL, norfluoxetine 95 RP-HPLC Serum Sertraline liquid- liquid extraction. cyano column 63:37 (v/v) methanol-sodium phosphate buffer (0.05M) containing 2mLL1 triethylamine Fluorescence detector LOQ up to 2ngmL 111 LC-MS/MS plasma Sertraline, N-desmethyl sertraline liquid-liquid extraction Betasil C8 column 750 mL methanol + 250 mL deionized water + 2.5 mL, 1.0 M ammonium trifluoroacetate. tandem mass spectrometry SER, NDS were were m/z 306.2159.0, 292.1159.0, resp. 12 LC-MS/MS Plasma venlafaxine (VEN) and O-desmethyl venlafaxine (ODV) SPE Betasil C18 column isocratic tandem mass spectrometry m/z 278.27121.11 for VEN, m/z 264.28107.10 for ODV 144 RP-HPLC Pharmaceutical formulations. Olanzapine, fluoxetine. _ Inertsil C18 reversed phase column 40:30:30 (v/v/v) mixture of 9.5mM sodium dihydrogen phosphate, acetonitrile methanol UV LOQ, 0.005 0.001gmL1 for olanzapine and fluoxetine resp. 145 HPLC-MS-MS Plasma Citalopram, fluvoxamine and paroxetine On-line SPE with column switching.(Oasis/HLB) Oasis HLB and Symmetry C18 Formic acid in water and acetonitrile Triple stage, APCI, positive mode, SRM LLOQ, 20 microg/ L for citalopram fluvoxamine and 10 microg/L/ for paroxetine. LOD, 5 microg/ L for all 131 LC-MS(/MS) Plasma Citalopram LLE Hypersil BDS C8 Aqueous ammonium formate and acetonitrile ESI, positive mode, SIM Analytical range, Citalopram 0.50-250ng/mL 146 LC-MS(/MS) Plasma Fluoxetine and norfluoxetine LLE Lichrospher 100 RP-8 E Aqueous ammonium formate and acetonitrile ESI, positive mode, SIM Analytical range, Fluoxetine 2.5-250ng/mL, norfluoxetine 10-250ng/mL 147 LC-MS(/MS) Plasma Sertraline SPE Beta Basic C-8 Aqueous ammonium formate and acetonitrile Triple stage, ESI, positive mode, SRM Analytical range, Sertraline 0.5-60.0ng/mL 148 LC-MS(/MS) Plasma Fluoxetine Stir bar sorptive extraction Luna C18 Aqueous ammonium acetate and methanol ESI, positive mode, SIM Analytical range, Fluoxetine 10-500ng/mL 74 LC-MS(/MS) Plasma Fluoxetine, citalopram, paroxetine and venlafaxine SPE C18 Aqueous ammonium acetate and acetonitrile ESI, positive mode, SIM Analytical range, Fluoxetine, citalopram, paroxetine, venlafaxine 5.0-1,000.0ng/mL 149 LC-MS Plasma Citalopram liquid-liquid extraction Hypersil BDS C8 microbore column 10mM ammonium formate- formic acid and acetonitrile (30:70 v/v) Positive electrospray ionization with selected ion monitoring mode. m/z- 325 citalopram, m/z- 281 imipramine, LOQ- 0.50 ng/ml. 75 HPLC-MS/ ESI Plasma Fluoxetine, citalopram, paroxetine and venlafaxine SPE Macherey- NA Gel C18 column Water (formic acid 0.6%, ammonium acetate 30mmol/l) and acetonitrile, 35:65 (v/v) Electron spray ionization LOD, Fluoxetine 0.5, citalopram 0.3, paroxetine 0.3 and venlafaxine 0.1 ng/ml 80 HPLC Plasma Fluoxetine and Norfluoxetine liquid-liquid extraction Reverse phase C18 column Phosphate buffer and acetonitrile Fluorescence detector LOD, 3mg/l 76 LC-MS(/MS) Serum 20 antidepressants: amoxapine, amitriptyline, citalopram, clomipramine, dothiepin, doxepin, fluoxetine, imipramine, maprotiline, mianserin, paroxetine, sertraline, trimipramine, nortriptyline, monodesmethylcitalopram, desmethylclomipramine, desipramine, norfluoxetine, desmethylmianserin,N-des methylsertraline On-line extraction using column switching Cyclone and Xterra MS C18 Ammonium acetate in water, formic acid in acetonitrile and water Triple stage, ESI, positive mode, SRM Analytical range for all compounds, 10-500ng/mL 150 LC-MS/MS Oral Fluid and Plasma amitriptyline, imipramine, clomipramine, fluoxetine, paroxetine, sertraline, fluvoxamine, citalopram and venlafaxine and their metabolites nortriptyline, desipramine, norclomipramine and norfluoxetine. Automated SPE Sunfire C18 IS Column Acetonitrile and ammonium formate buffer (pH 3.0; 2 mM) tandem mass spectrometer (ESI+ mode) with triple quadrupole LLOQ -2 ng/ L (except clomipramine LmsZLOQ -10 ng/ L) for both oral fluid and plasma 151 HPLC Urine and Plasma amitriptyline, imipramine and sertraline hollow fiber-based (polypropylene) liquid phase microextraction Zorbax Extend C18 column 0.02 M acetic acid solution and methanol (54:46) (pH 4.0) UV-VIS LOD found between 0.5 and 0.7 g L1 85 GC-MS Urine fluoxamine, fluoxetine, sertraline, venlafaxine, mitrazapine, citalopram SPMES CP-SIL C8 He- carrier gas (floe rate- 1.2 ml/min) MS with Electron Impact Ionisation Less than 0.4ng/ml-1 Salgado petinal Abbreviations: APCI atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation, ESI eletrospray ionisation, LLE liquid-liquid extraction, LOD limitation of detection, LOQ limit of quantification, SIM single ion monitoring, SPE solid-phase extraction, SRM selected reaction monitoring , ESI electron spray ionization, UV ultraviolet, FD fluorescence detector, LC_TMS liquid chromatography tandom mass spectrometry, LC_MS, GC_MS gas chromatography mass spectrometry, RP-HPLC reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography. Thus, this table is framed for the comparative study of the major analytical approaches used in the detection and identification of Antidepressant Drugs and their metabolites in different biological matrices in order to develop the new methods with the aim to increase the sample throughput and to improve the quality of analytical methods. Analytical methods for the detection of ADs and their metabolites in biological matrices are of interest in the field of forensic toxicology which involves the analysis of drugs and poisons in biological specimens and interpretation of the results to be applied in a court of law. Several analytical methods have been developed for analysis of these antidepressants in biological matrices. These methods provide a good precision and accuracy over the entire analytical range and allowing the development of very rapid and efficient analytical methods by using newer kind of analytical techniques. Conclusion: As the subject of Antidepressants toxicity is evolving, newer methods for their analysis are also evolving. However, some classes of Antidepressants drugs are less toxic and well tolerated but can lead to toxic or fatal drug interactions and these also encountered in many Clinical and Forensic cases. The research in this field is very active and results in a large number of papers published every year. Therefore, this review is mainly aimed to target latest analytical and instrumental methods used in the detection and characterization of various Antidepressant drugs and their metabolites in biological test matrices in turn focused on their toxic as well as therapeutic aspects which would be definitely prove to be helpful in future research and still there is lots of work required in this area as its prescription rate and toxicity is evolving day by day all over the world. Non-destructive and sophisticated instrumental techniques can also build a new strategy of examination and inves tigation for the drugs of interest. Future trials should also consider, using different kinds of detecting techniques and methods which would allow for easier comparison and interpretation of results across studies as the subject is of global concern. Despite the success of all validate methods there is a continuing need for sustained innovations in bioanalytical studies releated to forensic cases which needs fast, sensitive and non-destructive methods of analysis. Thus, future work in this area will definitely prove to be a promising from forensic prospect. Acknowledgement: This study is carried out at the Department of Research and Development, Gujarat Forensic Sciences University, Gandhinagar, India. I am indebted to Professor Y. 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Fanali, Determination of Recent Antidepressant Citalopram in Human Plasma by Liquid Chromatography Fluorescence Detection, J. Chromatographia, 57 (5/6) (2003) 273. Otton S. V, Ball S. E, Cheung S. W, Inaba T, Rudolph R. L, Sellers E. M. Venlafaxine oxidation in vitro is catalysed by CYP2D6, Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 41 (1996) 149-156. Fogelman S. M, Schmider, J, Venkatakrishnan K, von Moltke L. L, Harmatz J. S, Shader R. I, Greenblatt D, O- and N-demethylation of venlafaxine invitro by human liver microsomes and by microsomes from c-DNA transfected cells: effect of metabolic inhibitors and SSRI antidepressants, J. Neuropsychopharmacology, 20 (5) (1999) 480490. G. Tournel, N. Houdret, V. Hedouin, M. Deveaux, D. Gosset and M. Lhermitte, High-performance liquid chromatographic method to screen and quantitate seven selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in human serum, J. chromatography B , 761 (2001) 147-158. Wilson Roberto Malfara, Carlo Bertucci, Maria Eugnia Costa Queiroz, Sonia Ap. Dreossi Carvalho, Maria de Lourdes Pires Bianchi, Evandro Jose Cesarino, Jose Alexandre Crippa and Regina Helena Costa Queiroz, Reliable HPLC method for therapeutic drug monitoring of frequently prescribed tricyclic and nontricyclic antidepressants, J. Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 44 (4) (2007) 955-962. J.F. Nash, R.J. Bopp, R.H. Carmichael, K.Z. Farid and L. Lemberger. Determination of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine in plasma by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection, J. Clin. Chem. 28 (1982) 2100-2102. V. Dixit, H. Nguyen and V.M. Dixit, Solid-phase extraction of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine from serum with gas chromatographyelectron-capture detection, J. Chromatogr. 563 (1991), pp. 379-384. S. Joron and H. Robert, Simultaneous determination of antidepressant drugs and metabolites by HPLC. Design and validation of a simple and reliable analytical procedure J. Biomed. Chromatogr. 8 (1994) 158-164. P.I. Orsulak et al.. J. Clin. Chem. 349 (1988) 1875-1878. P. Thomare, K. Wang, Van der Meersch-Mougeot, B. Diquet, Sensitive micromethod for column liquid chromatographic determination of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine in human plasma, J. Chromatogr. 583 (1991) 217-221. Wen Liu,Hua-lin Cai, Huan-de Li, High performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/ESI) method for simultaneous determination of venlafaxine and its three metabolites in human plasma, J. Chromatography B, 850 (1-2) (2007) 405-411. Kollroser M. Schober C, An on-line solid phase extraction liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for the analysis of citalopram, fluvoxamine, and paroxetine in human plasma. J. Chromatographia 57 (2003) 133-138. Willy E. Lambert, Jan F. Van Bocxlaer and AndrP. De Leenheer, Potential of high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection in forensic toxicology, J. Chromatography B- Biomedical Sciences and Applications, 689 (1) (1997) 45-53. Eva M. Koves, Use of high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection in forensic toxicology, J. Chromatography A, 692 (1-2) (1995) 103-119. H. Kirchherr and W.N. Khn-Velten, Quantitative determination of forty-eight antidepressants and antipsychotics in human serum by HPLC tandem mass spectrometry: A multi-level, single-sample approach, J. Chromatography B, 843 (1) (2006) 100-113. J. Esteve-Romero, S. Carda-Broch, M. Gil-Agusti, M.-E. Capella-Peiro and D. Bose, Micellar liquid chromatography for the determination of drug materials in pharmaceutical preparations and biological samples, J. Trends Anal. Chem. 24 (2005) 75-91. David Schaller, Emily F. Hilder, Paul R. Haddad,Separation of antidepressants by capillary electrophoresis with in-line solid-phase extraction using a novel monolithic adsorbent, J. Analytica Chimica. Acta, 556 (1) (2006) 104-111. S.Souverain, M.Mottaz, S.Cherkaoui, J.L.Veuthey, Rapid analysis of fluoxetine and its metabolite in plasma by LC-MS with column-switching approach, J. 377 (2003) 880-885. Titier Karine, Castaing Nadge, Scotto-Gomez Emmanuelle, Pehourcq Fabienne, Moore Nicholas, Molimard Mathieu, High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Method with Diode Array Detection for Identification and Quantification of the Eight New Antidepressants and Five of Their Active Metabolites in Plasma after Overdose, J. Therapeutic drug monitoring, 25 (2003) 581-587. Nadege Castaing, Titier K, Receveur-Daurel M, Le-Deodic M, Le-bars D, Moore N, Molimard M, Quantification of Eight New Antidepressants and Five of their Active Metabolites in Whole Blood by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometre, J. Anal. Toxicol. 31(6) (2007) 334-41. Jignesh Bhatt, Arvind Jangid, Gantala Venkatesh, Gunta Subbaiah, Sadhana Singh, Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) method for simultaneous determination of venlafaxine and its active metabolite O-desmethyl venlafaxine in human plasma, J. of Chromatography B, 829 (1-2) (2005) 75-81. B.VenkateswaraReddy, K. V. N. Suresh Reddy, J. Sreeramulu, G. V. Kanumula, Simultaneous Determination of Olanzapine and Fluoxetine by HPLC, J. 66 (1-2) (2007) 111-114. Pistos C, Panderi I, Atta-Politou J, Liquid chromatography-positive ion electrospray mass spectrometry method for the quantification of citalopram in human plasma, J. Chromatogr B, 810 (2) (2004) 235-244. Djordjevic S, Kovacevic I, Miljkovic B, Vuksanovic J, Pokrajac M, Liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric method for the determination of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine in human plasma: application to clinical study, J. Farmaco, 60 (2005):345-349. Jain DS, Sanyal M, Subbaiah G, Pande UC, Shrivastav P, Rapid and sensitive method for the determination of sertraline in human plasma using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), J. Chromatogr. B, 829 (2005) 69-74. Juan H, Zhiling Z, Huande L, Simultaneous determination of fluoxetine, citalopram, paroxetine, venlafaxine in plasma by high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, J Chromatogr B 820 (2005) 33-39. F.L Sauvage, et al., A Fully Automated Turbulent-Flow Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Technique for Monitoring Antidepressants in Human Serum, J. Therapeutic drug monitoring , 28 (2006)123-130. A. de Castro, M. Concheiro, O. Quintela, A. Cruz, M. Lopez-Rivadulla, LC-MS/MS method for the determination of nine antidepressants and some of their main metabolites in oral fluid and plasma: Study of correlation between venlafaxine concentrations in both matrices, Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 48 (1) (2008) 183-193. Vitrous humor, Barry S. Levin and Rebecca A. Jufer, Drugs-of-Abuse testing in Vitreous humor, in: Amanda J. Jenkins, Drug testing in Alternate biological specimens, Humana Press, Totowa (USA), 2008, 117- 128. T. References (129) (Thesis- 80)- Lacassie E, Gaulier JM, Marquet P, Rabatel JF, Lachatre G. Methods for the determination of seven selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and three active metabolites in human serum using high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography. J. Chromatogr. B Biomed. Sci. Appl. 2000; 742: 229-238. (Thesis- 79)- Baumann P. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationship of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 1996; 31: 444-469. (Thesis- 225)- DeVane CL, Liston HL, Markowitz JS. Clinical pharmacokinetics of sertraline. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 2002; 41: 1247-1266. (Thesis- 76)- Eap CB, Baumann P. Analytical methods for the quantitative determination of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for therapeutic drug monitoring purposes in patients. J. Chromatogr. B Biomed. Appl. 1996; 686: 51-63. (Thesis- 103)- Ulrich S. Direct stereoselective assay of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine enantiomers in human plasma or serum by two-dimensional gas-liquid chromatography with nitrogen phosphorus selective detection, J. Chromatogr. B Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci. 2003; 783: 481-490. (Thesis 59)- Bezchlibnyk-Butler K, Aleksic I, Kennedy SH. Citaloprama review of pharmacological and clinical effects. J. Psychiatry Neurosci. 2000; 25: 241-256. (Thesis 81)- Eap CB, Bouchoux G, Amey M, Cochard N, Savary L, Baumann P. Simultaneous determination of human plasma levels of citalopram, paroxetine, sertraline, and their metabolites by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. Sci. 1998; 36: 365-37. (Thesis-263)- Morton WA, Sonne SC, Verga MA. Venlafaxine a structurally unique and novel antidepressant. Ann. Pharmacother. 1995; 29: 387-395. (Thesis-85)- Duverneuil C, de la Grandmaison GL, de Mazancourt P, Alvarez JC. A high-performance liquid chromatography method with photodiode-array UV detection for therapeutic drug monitoring of the nontricyclic antidepressant drugs. Ther. Drug Monit. 2003; 25: 565-573. (127) (Thesis-84)- Tournel G, Houdret N, Hedouin V, Deveaux M, Gosset D, Lhermitte M. High-performance liquid chromatographic method to screen and quantitate seven selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in human serum. J. Chromatogr. B Biomed. Sci. Appl. 2001; 761: 147-158. (Thesis-275)- Waschgler R, Moll W, Konig P, Conca A. Quantification of venlafaxine and Odesmethylvenlafaxine in human serum using HPLC analysis. Int. J. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 2004; 42: 724-728. (Thesis-276)- Bhatt J, Jangid A, Venkatesh G, Subbaiah G, Singh S. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) method for simultaneous determination of venlafaxine and its active metabolite O-desmethyl venlafaxine in human plasma. J. Chromatogr. B Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci. 2005; 829: 75-81. (117) (Thesis-82)- Salgado-Petinal C, Lamas JP, Garcia-Jares C, Llompart M, Cela R. Rapid screening of selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors in urine samples using solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2005; 382: 1351-1359. (41) (Thesis-270)- Martinez MA, de la Torre CS, Almarza E. Simultaneous determination of viloxazine, venlafaxine, imipramine, desipramine, sertraline,and amoxapine in whole blood: comparison of two extraction/cleanup procedures for capillary gas chromatography with nitrogen-phosphorus detection. J. Anal. Toxicol. 2003; 27: 8A-8A.

Social Media s Eroding Our Privacy Essay - 1312 Words

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Ethics and Amtrak Free Essays

The Amtrak case study is a horrible accident that occurred in 1993. I feel the entire cause of the accident was a series of events that could not have been known. The stakeholders in this care are the Amtrak employees, customers and land owners of the railway lines. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethics and Amtrak or any similar topic only for you Order Now The biggest interest of the stakeholders would be loss of life. No one wants to be involved with the loss of a human life. And I am sure there are several financial reasons for the interest, as well. To begin with, corporate social responsibility functions as a built-in, self-regulating mechanism whereby business would monitor and ensure its support to law, ethical standards, and international norms. The legal obligation Amtrak has is to provide a safe service for its customers. They need to show the customers that they put every effort into providing a safe and dependable service. Economically Amtrak needs to clear up this disaster and correct the problems so the customers will continue to use Amtrak. If this situation is not handled correctly it could have ruined the company. Ethically Amtrak needs to seriously improve it tracking and emergency response procedures. When they couldn’t really determine where the train, in my opinion, was the biggest problem with the EMS reaching the crash. Philanthropic is showing concern for humanity, especially by performing charitable actions such as donating money. I feel if Amtrak agreed to pay for the services of the people who died in the accident, that would be a good start. Finally, my recommendation for this case is simple. Figure out what went wrong and what went right. Correct all the wrongs and make sure the corrections stay in place. They also need to determine some type of checks and balances for these new procedures. I understand accidents happen, but, Amtrak needs to take every precaution to ensure this does not happen again. I feel if the current managers and supervisors had a stronger sense of morals this accident would have been much easier to deal with. In fact, this accident might not have happened if the current administration had enforced stricter rules. I also feel that a situation like this can destroy a transportation company if it’s not handled properly. The company needs to get the customers confidence back at any cost, because no customers no revenue. I feel Amtrak has a long way to go to repair the faults in their company, however at least admitting they need help or have problems is the first step in correcting the issues. How to cite Ethics and Amtrak, Papers

The Ethical Dilemmas of Outsourcing free essay sample

Outsourcing nowadays has become a global phenomenon and a key player in a lot of businesses around the world. Yet, at the same time, many questions have arisen about the negative impacts of such practice and more and more businesses have to face the dilemma of outsourcing their work at the cost of its ethical consequences. The recent downturn in global economy has put more pressure on companies to cut their cost while doing business. Numerous corporations in big countries such as US, UK have been driven to begin outsourcing and offshoring work to other countries such as India, China, Vietnam and others where the cost of labor is significantly lower. By doing so, they can be able to survive and increase profits. However, the cost of this practice is not low at all and it is criticized as an unethical practice which causes losing majority of local jobs, violating privacy of personal information and possible identity theft as well as creating bad work conditions in host countries, etc. We will write a custom essay sample on The Ethical Dilemmas of Outsourcing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Recent years, many technology giants in US such as IBM, Microsoft, HP, etc. have been steadily reducing the number of workers based in the US and shifting their work to India and other countries. While outsourcing allows these companies to cut costs and save billions of dollars, more and more US people are displaced from jobs by foreign workers. It is a serious ethical issue when these US people, who paid for their education through savings, loans, and grants, and are then denied the opportunity of earning in their homeland because the career opportunity is given to a foreign person, and then they have to be re-trained for other jobs. Not only are the US people affected by outsourcing in career and future earnings, but their sense of security is affected too. Many CPA firms in US outsource the tax preparation work to India but rarely inform their client of this practice. This is unacceptable from ethical point of view since a client must have a right to know that their personal and tax information is being transmitted overseas for processing and prepared by a non-US CPA and a right to choose whether to use this approach or not. Another ethical concern is about bad work conditions caused by outsourcing, whether it is a direct or indirect effect. The tragedy of the Foxconn sweatshop is one of the painful repercussions. Inside this Chinese factory manufacturing products for Apple, Dell, HP, Motorola, Nintendo, Nokia and Sony, workers are forced to stand for 24 hours, work overtime excessively without a single day off during the week, live together in crowded dorms and exposure to dangerous chemicals, etc. causing dozen of employees committed suicide. It is obvious that in a changing world today, improving business ethical behaviors and its social responsibilities has become more urgent and necessary than ever.

UNDERSTANDING OF IDEAS, CHARACTERS AND THEMES- Tra Essays

UNDERSTANDING OF IDEAS, CHARACTERS AND THEMES- Tra Essays UNDERSTANDING OF IDEAS, CHARACTERS AND THEMES- Track the development of characters rather than arguing that they are one-dimensional and fixed throughout the play. Macbeth and Lady Macbeth were not always evil. They changed evolved in the response to the circumstances throughout the play. - How did the characters evolve - Macbeth - initially valorous, brave and loyal, later excessively ambitious, filled with self-doubt, ruthless. - Lady Macbeth - initially calm and decisive, later excessively ambitious, deceptive, manipulative, unstable. - Compare and contrast characters Macbeth - compare to: - King Duncan: who was a wise, virtuous, respected king, Macbeth thought he was too soft. - Banquo: who was a reasonable and rational when he received the prophecies but he was also flawed because he did not publicly voice his suspicions of Macbeth, perhaps comfortable in the knowledge that he would father a lineage of kings. - Malcolm: Provided the asses sment of Macbeth being a dead butcher' but this is framed within the context of Macbeth having murdered Malcolm's father. Lady Macbeth - compare to: - The Witches: These female characters are connected in that they are all manipulative and deceptive. They also call on evil spirits in times of need. Lady Macbeth "come, you spirits that tend on mortal thoughts" and the witches take guidance from Hecate. Also using the same line "Glamis thou art and cowdor and shalt be" - Lady Macduff: Who was homely, motherly and loyal to family, she also critisised her own husband who she thought was committed treason. - Use characters to discuss themes and ideas: Macbeth - The difference between kingship and tyranny, and the corrupting power of unchecked ambition. Lady Macbeth - Females as manipulative, deceptive and tempting (females weapons) ANALYSIS OF HOW AND WHY THE AUTHOR CONSTRUCTS MEANING- You need to display an understanding of the literary devices that Shakespeare used and the effect that these have on the construction of meaning within the play. Refer to the following motifs and symbols. - Description of the Setting: The barren heath was misty, dark and eerie which represents the supernatural aspect of the play. The wild storms and great tremors represented the violations of the natural order. - Equivocations were used to tempt, confuse, manipulate and deceive characters into expressing their latent destructive qualities. - Blood - guilt and remorse- Animals - unnatural behavior represented the violations of the natural order.- Clothing - lil-fitting positions and improperly gained statuses. - Consider the context of Jacobian England - The gunpower plot and the assassination attempt King James. Shakespeare was a "King's Man" and was providing a warning to the general populace of the dangers of regicide. INTERPRETATION OF THE TEXT IN RESPONDING TO THE QUESTION - Clearly state the topic at the very beginning of the essay.- Identify the key words in the topic and perceptively explore the possible discussion points.- Write a distinct topic sentence in the introduction for each of the separate argument that you will use to support your overall contention.- Each paragraph must support the overall contention. (you can write a good paragraph, but if it does not address the topic then it is irrelevant) INTERPRETATION An interpretation is a particular and specific understanding of a text. This implies that there are multiple possible interpretations of Macbeth. Mention an alternative to contrast with your suggested understanding. Eg. "It can be argued that the female characters were responsible for Macbeth's downfall, however Macbeth was both aware of, and responsible for his actions and their consequences when he said "O horror, horror, horror!" (Act 2, Scene 3, line 59) when he killed King Duncan. He clearly knew what he was doing. USE OF APPROPRAITE TEXTUAL EVIDENCE AND RELEVANT METALANGUAGE- Use at least one major quote per paragraph, but don't limit yourself to that. Try not to use more than 2 or 3 lines from the play per quote. - The quote must support your discussion, or in other words be appropriate - Embed the quote within your sentence rather than write, "This quote shows" - this is sloppy and clunky language. - When using specific or individual words from the play, claim them as quotes. For example: "instruments of darkness" - Metalanguage - use terms such

Biography of Elizabeth Woodville, Queen of England

Biography of Elizabeth Woodville, Queen of England Elizabeth Woodville (1437–June 7 or 8, 1492, and known variously as Lady Grey, Elizabeth Grey, and Elizabeth Wydevill) was the commoner wife of Edward IV, who had a key  role in the War of the Roses and in the succession battle between the Plantagenets and Tudors. She is best known today as a character in Shakespeares  Richard III  (as Queen Elizabeth) and the title character in the 2013 television series  The White Queen. Fast Facts: Elizabeth Woodville Known For: A commoner who was destined to become wife of Edward IV, mother of Edward V, sister-in-law of Richard III, mother-in-law of Henry VII and grandmother of Henry VIIIBorn: About 1837 in Grafton, rural NorthamptonshireParents: Jacquetta, Duchess of Bedford and Sir Richard WoodvilleDied: June 7 or 8, 1492.Spouse(s): Sir John Grey (ca. 1450–1461); Edward IV (1464–1483)Children: Two with John Grey (Thomas Grey (Marquess of Dorset) and Richard Grey) and 10 with Edward IV (Elizabeth of York who married Henry VII; Mary; Cecily; Edward V; Margaret; Richard; Anne who married Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey); George; Catherine who married William Courtney, Earl of Devon; and Bridget. The two princes in the tower were Richard and Edward V Early Life Elizabeth Woodville was probably born at Grafton in rural Northamptonshire, England, about 1437, the eldest of the 12 children of Richard Woodville and Jacquetta de Luxembourg. Elizabeths mother Jacquetta was the daughter of a Count  and a descendant of Simon de Montfort and his wife Eleanor, the daughter of Englands King John. Jacquetta was the wealthy and childless widow of the Duke of Bedford, brother of Henry V, when she married Sir Richard Woodville. Her sister-in-law Catherine of Valois also married a man of lower station after she was widowed. Two generations later,  Catherines grandson Henry Tudor married Jacquettas granddaughter, Elizabeth of York. Jacquettas second husband and Elizabeths father was the less highborn county knight Sir Richard Woodville. At the age of 7, Elizabeth was sent to another landed household (a custom of the period was to trade children so that they would have social contacts in the future), probably Sir Edward Grey and his wife Elizabeth, Lady Ferrers. There, she had formal lessons in reading, writing (in English, French, and Latin), and a grounding in law and mathematics. The Woodville family was wealthy when Elizabeth was born, but as the Hundred Years War wound down and the Wars of the Roses conflict began, the familys finances became straitened, and as a result, Elizabeth married John Grey (7th Baron Ferrers of Groby) in 1452 when she was about 14 years of age. The recently knighted Grey was killed at the Second Battle of St. Albans in 1461, fighting for the Lancastrian side in the Wars of the Roses. Elizabeth petitioned Lord Hastings, Edwards uncle, in a controversy over land with her mother-in-law. She arranged a marriage between one of her sons and one of Hastings daughters. Ancestry Eleanor of Aquitaine, mother of King John of England, was the 8th great grandmother of Elizabeth Woodville through her mother Jacquetta.  Her husband Edward IV and son-in-law Henry VII were, of course, also descendants of Eleanor of Aquitaine. Elizabeth Woodville   Jacquetta of Luxembourg   Margherita del Balzo Sueva Orsini Nicola Orsini Roberto Orsini Anastasia de Montfort Guy de Montfort Eleanor Plantagenet John of England Eleanor of Aquitaine Meeting and Marriage with Edward IV How Elizabeth met Edward is not known for certain, though an early legend has her petitioning him by waiting with her sons beneath an oak tree. Another story circulated that she was a sorceress who bewitched him, but she may have simply known him from court. Legend has her giving Edward, a known womanizer, an ultimatum that they had to be married or she would not submit to his advances. On May 1, 1464, Elizabeth and Edward married secretly. Edwards mother, Cecily Neville, Duchess of York, and Cecilys nephew, the Earl of Warwick who had been an ally of Edward IV in winning the crown, had been arranging a suitable marriage for Edward with the French king. When Warwick found out about Edwards marriage to Elizabeth Woodville, Warwick turned against Edward and helped restore Henry VI briefly to power. Warwick was killed in battle as were Henry and his son, and Edward returned to power. Elizabeth Woodville was crowned Queen in Westminster Abbey on May 26, 1465; both of her parents were present for the ceremony. Elizabeth and Edward had three sons and six daughters- Elizabeth of York who married Henry VII; Mary; Cecily; Edward V, briefly King of England (not crowned); Margaret; Richard, Duke of York; Anne who married Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey; George, Duke of Bedford; Catherine who married William Courtney, Earl of Devon; and Bridget. Elizabeth also had two sons by her first husband- Thomas Grey, the Marquis of Dorset and Richard Grey. One was an ancestor of the ill-fated Lady Jane Grey. Family Ambitions Her extensive and, by all accounts, ambitious family was favored heavily after Edward took the throne. Her eldest son from her first marriage, Thomas Grey, was created Marquis Dorset in 1475. Elizabeth promoted the fortunes and advancement of her relatives, even at the cost of her popularity with the nobles. In one of the most scandalous incidents, Elizabeth may have been behind the marriage of her brother, 19 years old, to the widowed  Katherine Neville,  the wealthy Duchess of Norfolk, 80 years old. But the grasping reputation was enhanced- or created- first  by Warwick in 1469 and later by Richard III, who had their  own reasons for wanting Elizabeths and her familys reputations to be diminished. Among her other activities, Elizabeth continued her predecessors support of Queens College. Widowhood When Edward IV died suddenly on April 9, 1483, Elizabeths fortunes abruptly changed. Her husbands brother Richard of Gloucester was appointed Lord Protector since Edwards eldest son Edward V  was a minor. Richard moved quickly to seize power, claiming- apparently with the support of his mother Cecily Neville- that the children of Elizabeth and Edward were illegitimate because Edward had been previously formally betrothed to someone else. Elizabeths brother-in-law Richard took the throne as Richard III, imprisoning Edward V (never crowned) and then his younger brother, Richard. Elizabeth took sanctuary. Richard III then demanded that Elizabeth also turn over custody of her daughters, and she complied. Richard attempted to marry first his son, then himself, to Edward and Elizabeths oldest daughter, known as Elizabeth of York, hoping to make his claim to the throne more solid. Elizabeths sons by John Grey joined in the battle to overthrow Richard. One son, Richard Grey,  was beheaded by King Richards  forces; Thomas joined Henry Tudors forces. Mother of a Queen After Henry Tudor defeated Richard III at Bosworth Field and was crowned Henry VII, he married Elizabeth of York- a marriage arranged with the support of Elizabeth Woodville and also of Henrys mother, Margaret Beaufort. The marriage took place in January 1486, uniting the factions at the end of the Wars of the Roses  and making the claim to the throne more certain for the heirs of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York. Princes in the Tower The fate of the two sons of Elizabeth Woodville and Edward IV, the Princes in the Tower, is not certain. That Richard imprisoned them in the Tower is known. That Elizabeth worked to arrange the marriage of her daughter to Henry Tudor may mean that she knew, or at least suspected, that the princes were already dead. Richard III is generally believed to have been responsible for removing the possible claimants to the throne, but some theorize that Henry VII was responsible. Some have even suggested Elizabeth Woodville was complicit. Henry VII re-proclaimed the legitimacy of the marriage of Elizabeth Woodville and Edward IV. Elizabeth was the godmother of the first child of Henry VII and her daughter Elizabeth, Arthur. Death and Legacy In 1487, Elizabeth Woodville was suspected of plotting against Henry VII, her son-in-law, and her dowry was seized and she was sent to Bermondsey Abbey. She died there on June 8 or 9, 1492. She was buried in St. Georges Chapel in Windsor Castle near her husband. In 1503, James Tyrell was executed for the deaths of the two princes, sons of Edward IV, and the claim was that Richard III was responsible. Some later historians have pointed their fingers at Henry VI instead. The truth is that there is not any sure evidence of when, where, or by what hands the princes died. In Fiction Elizabeth Woodvilles life has lent itself to many fictional depictions, though not often as the main character.  She is, however, the main character in the British series, The White Queen. Elizabeth Woodville is Queen Elizabeth in Shakespeares Richard III. She and Richard are depicted as bitter enemies, and  Margaret  curses Elizabeth with having her husband and children killed, as Margarets husband and son were killed by Elizabeths husbands supporters. Richard is able to charm Elizabeth into turning over her son and agreeing to his marriage to her daughter. Sources Baldwin, David. Elizabeth Woodville: Mother of the Princes in the Tower. Gloucestershire: The History Press (2002).  Print.Okerlund, Arlene N. Elizabeth of York: Queenship and Power. New York: Palgrave Macmillan (2009). Print.